The New York Post reported findings from a University College London study of 2,759 participants born in 1946, drawn from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, that linked persistent financial hardship to lower scores on verbal memory and processing speed tests plus MRI indicators of brain changes. The report stated that associations appeared strongest among men, individuals with disadvantaged childhoods, and APOE-ε4 carriers. Analyses of the same reported data diverge sharply on whether the associations reflect causation from income, reverse causation from cognitive or behavioral factors, or unmeasured confounders.