The Supreme Court held 6-3 that the Immigration and Nationality Act does not require border officials to present clear and convincing evidence of a disqualifying offense before treating a lawful permanent resident as an applicant for admission. The decision, written by Justice Clarence Thomas, reversed the Second Circuit in the case of Muk Choi Lau, a Chinese national and green-card holder charged in 2012 with selling counterfeit clothing. All three ideological analyses accept the statutory holding while differing on its policy implications.